Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite in Periodontal Bone Regeneration: A Promising Frontier in Biomimetic Dentistry

Abstract

Periodontal bone regeneration has become one of the most important challenges in modern dentistry. Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (NHA) has established itself as a fundamental biomaterial due to its high bioactivity and chemical similarity to bone. Innovations in nanotechnology have enabled the development of biomimetic scaffolds with the ability to promote osteoconduction, cell adhesion, and controlled tissue regeneration. Recent clinical evidence has shown that NHA significantly increases clinical insertion and bone density compared to traditional treatments, particularly when combined with chitosan, collagen, chitosan, or fibrin-rich plasma. In biological terms, NHA acts as a mineral nucleator, releasing calcium and phosphate ions that promote osteoblastic differentiation and osteogenesis without generating an inflammatory reaction. Future prospects should include the design of multifunctional hybrid systems and customized 3D-printed structures aimed at promoting bone regeneration and strengthening the role of NHA in modern regenerative dentistry.